Abstract: This study used a standardized evaluation to compare two direct manipulation graphics interfaces: (1) object-oriented (vector) graphics and (2) bit-mapped graphics (object-oriented graphics interfaces are not to be confused with object-oriented programming or object-oriented data bases). Experienced and novice subjects performed objectively derived benchmark tasks appropriate for two-dimensional graphics packages. Both performance and preference data were collected. Task completion time, aborted attempts, learning effects, and errors constituted the performance measures. For the preference data, subjects completed questionnaires to rate the interfaces on both an absolute and a relative basis. Results indicate the superiority of the object-oriented graphics interface to the bit-mapped interface for most tasks, especially manipulation (e.g., scaling, moving, etc.) of graphics. The implications of these results for the use of direct manipulation graphics interfaces are discussed.

Keywords: CRT; Design; Empirical studies; Evaluation; Software development; VDT/VDU

Originally published: Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting, 1989, pp. 385-389

Republished: G. Perlman, G. K. Green, & M. S. Wogalter (Eds.) Human Factors Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction: Selections from Proceedings of Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meetings, 1983-1994, Santa Monica, CA: HFES, 1995, pp. 182-186.